A) what are the main attractions of an import substitution strategy Essay

A) what are the principle attractions of an import replacement technique B)how do you clarify that few creating nations have not suceeded to extend the proc - Essay Example Defenders favor the fare of modern merchandise over essential items. The procedure might be received as an issue of financial strategy and to accomplish industrialisation. In such setting, Wikipedia (2006) stated: â€Å"Import replacement industrialization (additionally called ISI) is an exchange and financial arrangement dependent on the reason that a creating nation should endeavor to substitute items which it imports, generally completed merchandise, with privately delivered substitutes. The hypothesis is like that of mercantilism in that it advances high fares and insignificant imports to build national wealth.† It further stated, the arrangement has three significant fundamentals: (1) a functioning modern strategy to finance and coordinate creation of vital substitutes, (2) defensive hindrances to exchange (in particular, levies), and (3) a financial approach that keeps the household money exaggerated. Subsequently import replacement approaches are not supported by promoters of supreme unhindered commerce. The disappointment of a few creating nations of not having prevailing to extend the procedure of import replacement into its second and third stage could be credited to the deformity of the technique as controlled by results. The encounters of a few creating nations are in this manner refered to beneath to clarify the disappointment. We will begin with the Latin American nations, trailed by East Asia and afterward we will talk about the instances of Malaysia and the Philippines. Wikipedia (2006) stated: â€Å"Import replacement strategies were embraced by most countries in Latin America during the 1930s and 1940s in light of the Great Depression of the 1930s. During the 1950s the Argentine financial expert and UNECLA head Raã ºl Prebisch was an obvious defender of the thought. Prebisch accepted that creating nations expected to make forward linkages locally, and could just prevail by making the businesses that utilized the essential items

Discussing incentives to conserve marine biodiversity conservation Essay

Examining motivations to monitor marine biodiversity preservation inside the structure of debased open merchandise - Essay Example Note that their advantages can be influenced when the legislature chooses not to offer the protection. (Maxwell) Ordinarilly, an externality is the impact of a monetary movement felt by those not legitimately associated with the financial action. Positive externalities are regularly portrayed as overflow impacts to recommend their belongings are felt by shoppers who were not straightforwardly proposed by their makers. The sullied open products such marine biodiversity and other natural conveniences are not to be provided secretly on the grounds that the supplier can't catch the advantages and thusly nobody can be rejected, so free riding is conceivable. Plainly, a few parts of marine bear the qualities of an open decent. Marine adds to worldwide biodiversity and improves the prosperity of most of individuals. (Bulte) Commonly, nobody has the fitting motivating force to give marine territory or in any case secure marine as they can't catch the full advantages from the required speculations. Market disappointment happens in light of the fact that the measure of an open decent is underprovided, and in this way minor social advantages surpass peripheral social expenses. For this situation, a greater amount of the open great ought to be given, however it is pending just if society sponsors a private provider, or gives it freely. (Bulte) Then again, negative externalities that incorporate the administration guidelines force costs on society that reach out past the expense of creation as initially planned by the maker. A maker of a negative externality who doesn't need to stress over its full expense is probably going to create an unreasonable unsafe measure of the product.Ordinarilly, guidelines and fines may deflect the creation of negative externalities. In any case, the impacts of guideline might be constrained under conditions, for example, where negative externalities are so unavoidable they empower free riding mentalities, where negative externalities are so inescapable their makers could

How to Design a Website 6 Top Tips (For Beginners!) to Get Started

How to Design a Website 6 Top Tips (For Beginners!) to Get Started .elementor-19992 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19992{text-align:center}Last Updated on January 22, 2020 Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert Table of Contents 1. Make it Memorable2. Make it Look Great3. Make it User-Friendly4. Make it Easy to Read5. Make it Compatible 6. Make it Work for You1. Make it MemorableEvery website needs a title. If you are an existing business then this might be easy but if you’re a newbie blogger then this might need careful consideration. Your website title and URL will be kept to making your audience connect with and remember you. Try to be original, as you don’t want them to end up somewhere else when searching from you, but at the same time keep it easy to remember and not too wacky that they’ll forget!2. Make it Look GreatWhen considering how best to design a website, you should carefully select an appropriate theme. There are loads of sites offering website templates that have been custom built by specialist web designers. With a range of different styles and colorways available, you want a style that reflects you and your content; don’t opt for a dark corporate theme if you want to post-baking tutorials! Likewise, you will also want to consider whether or not to go for a free or a paid template.A great theme will help you look professional and appealing, and while you can certainly get by with free, a premium theme will help you to more easily produce a creative website. Here’s a guide to help you choose:3. Make it User-FriendlyWhen you are coming up with design ideas for your website, remember that navigation is key; your readers want to find their favorite content quickly and easily. Carefully selected main headings at the top of the homepage are a great way to make this easy when designing a website. Don’t be tempted to overload them with choices and show off th e huge range of options on your site. Instead, categorize with 5 or 6 main headings and then if necessary include sub-headings or drop-down menus to further options.Similarly, if you would like them to contact you or make a purchase then a clean and simple layout will help guide them to this option. You might also consider adding a search bar as an additional user-friendly feature. This will allow your readers to navigate your site with ease and find exactly what they’re looking for.4. Make it Easy to ReadWhen your visitors are browsing your site, the articles and pages shouldn’t be crammed full of tiny text. Take time to consider how to design a web page that is engaging and easy to read. Bear in mind that your readers might be on the bus or walking through town when they’re surfing, so don’t have long to digest key information. Keep your page titles short and snappy, make links easy to find and click and ensure that any images you used are of a suitable size to fit in with your text.In the body of the text, try to avoid lengthy paragraphs or extremely long articles. Bulky content is a deterrent for readers who don’t want to have to read pages of text before getting to the point. To help break up chunks of information, add sub-headings to your text, add relevant images and try bullet points to summarise key information.5. Make it Compatible It’s also important to remember that these days most website views come from mobile devices, such as phones and tablets. When considering how to design your website, you should also consider how your reader is likely to view it. If they’ve come to your page through a social media post â€" chances are they’ll be using their phone.Try not to spend hours creating a beautiful desktop site if the design won’t look good in mobile format. The best option is to find a responsive template that his optimized for mobile viewers; a responsive design will adjust to the size of the screen, making tables and columns shr ink or expand to fit the device.6. Make it Work for YouWhat do you want your readers to do before they leave your website? Sign up for your newsletter? Subscribe to your YouTube channel? Follow you on social media? Make sure that whatever it is, you know how to design a web page that works for you. Make your reader’s options obvious allow them to subscribe, shop or message easily. Any obstacles might stop them from carrying through.What’s more, you should make sure that these options are subtle but present on most pages of your website. Buttons on the website template are a great way to keep them on the screen but you should aim to include links and CTAs in the text of your pages too, remind your readers of what they can do to see more great content. Here’s some inspiration for writing effective CTAs.Overall, it’s safe to say that designing a website doesn’t need to be rocket science. Anyone can have one and you can get yours up and running in less than a day. My top tips to remember are: Choose a fitting templateKeep your layout clean and clearMake navigation super simpleBreak down large chunks of textDon’t forget your CTAs!From bloggers to businesses, designers to dentists, a great website is key to communicating your message to visitors. Templates can also be regularly changed and altered so that your website changes as you do. Make sure that you test it thoroughly yourself before going live or promoting it as any glitches or poorly planned pages can be embarrassing. Once you’re confident and happy that you’ve got a great site, let the world know!

Inside Job by Charles Ferguson Free Essay Example, 750 words

Inside Job Inside Job is a film directed by Charles Ferguson that considers the financial crisis through a highly engaging five-part structure. While the documentary’s overall narrative and investigative reporting are thought provoking, the film’s construction and the articulation of these concepts are perhaps the film’s most notable elements. This essay considers the filmmaking elements of Inside Job, analyzing them for their meaning making capacity. A great number of filmmaking techniques are implemented throughout Inside Job to convey the film’s thematic concerns. From the opening scenes it’s evident that the general structure of the film is such that it implements interview, voice over narration, and compelling videos and photographs in explicating messages. In terms of visual imagery, the effect is highly powerful as the filmmakers implement images of pollution and industrialized zones to dynamically demonstrate the force of deregulation. The environmental shots also are juxtaposed with interview footage to convey a sense of urgency and movement in the film. For instance, one scene contains a countryside shot with slow moving clouds. This shot is edited against an interview with a static background. We will write a custom essay sample on Inside Job by Charles Ferguson or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The next shot is of fast-paced inward moving helicopter footage. While the scenes all contribute to the film’s overall narrative understanding, they also increase and engage viewer interest through pacing methods that gradually draw the viewer into the film’s narrative. Montage techniques are also implemented to great effect. For instance, when the film switches from the opening segment to New York, there is a very powerful montage piece that contains snippets of conversations with important figures in the economic meltdown accompanied by on-screen text that also showed their complicity or conflict of interest. Another power montage is put together towards the middle of the film as images of the Hamptons are placed on the screen. In these regards, the film makes great use of visual imagery and music to create a sense of on screen irony that cleverly demonstrates the devious absurdity of the situation and financial crisis. As the film progresses, it explores a number of experimental visual and narrative techniques. One such narrative technique is the split screen format. This allow the filmmakers to implement an almost cubist like articulation of a protest rally, giving the viewer a more complex picture of the actual occurrence. There is a continued understanding that the verbal narrative can only be fully grasped through adequate visual components. For instance, after Matt Damon discusses the drastic unemployment rate, the film cuts to empty buildings with a slower and more somber editing pace. While the buildings may not even be located in the region that is being talked about, they have a sophisticated and visually appealing architecture that adds to the film’s overall narrative appeal. The film’s actual narrative is told in a highly engaging and effect way. The filmmakers implement the narrative star power of Matt Damon to relay the story in-between interviews with witnesses and field experts. Indeed, it’s been noted that, â€Å"This film is as gripping as any thriller. Aided by some fascinating interviews, Ferguson lays out an awful story† (Bradshaw). Indeed, at times one wonders if the narrative fits together just too well, but as it is bolstered by interviews and frequent textual evidence the overriding plot is understood as highly powerful. Another powerful aspect of the film is its ability to convey highly complex financial information processes in an easy to understand way. In these regards, voice over narration is coupled with on-screen graphics that are easily digestible for the viewer. This allows the film to engage the viewer on a much deeper and intellectual level than other documentaries that fail to convey this essential informat ion. In addition to these techniques, filmmaker Charles Ferguson makes profound use of rhetorical techniques. Towards the film’s conclusion there is a powerful indictment of the Obama administration’s handling of financial reform. The film also indicates that the same individuals that started the crisis are still in power. In concludes with a voice-over narration that speaks calls for Americans to fight against these influences while an image of the Statue of Liberty is shown on the screen. The image is powerful the statue has such resonance to many Americans. In conclusion, Charles Ferguson’s Inside Job makes use of a number of filmmaking techniques in relaying its overriding message. This essay has considered both structural and narrative elements in considering the variety of ways the film presents it message. In these regards, it’s argued that the film implements traditional filmmaking techniques of montage and juxtaposition editing, coupled with the narrative techniques of interviews and voice over narration in achieving its meaning making system. References Bradshaw, Peter. (2011) ‘Inside job review. ’ the Guardian. http: //www. guardian. co. uk/film/2011/feb/17/inside-job-review

Illegal Immigration And Illegal Immigrants - 1335 Words

Illegal immigration has been one of the main topics during the last three presidential election. Many bills and laws have been passed in order to keep them out but is it really necessary to neglect illegal immigrant? Most Americans believe that illegal immigrants are only people of Mexicans or Latin American descent but illegal immigrants can be from any race or country. Illegal immigration is defined by United States Department of Homeland Security as â€Å"†¦ all foreign-born non-citizens who are not legal residents. Most unauthorized residents either entered the United States without inspection or were admitted temporarily and stayed past the date they were required to leave. . .† In general, an illegal immigrant is a person who enters and remains in a country without a valid visa or permit from that country, or who has overstayed the duration of a visa that has been granted, or whose visa has been cancelled. After reading and processing all of the history of the world, it is difficult for one to understand why we are discriminating illegal immigrants. Dating back some 12,000 to 15,000 years ago, humans and animals began migrated to new lands in order to survive. This trend would continue until people began to build towns and stopped making their normal migration with the food sources. During the late 1400’s, humans sailed from continent to continent looking for new land to conquer and settle in [Tindall, Shi, 6; vol. 1]. Great Britain settled in the Eastern part of theShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigration : Illegal Immigrants955 Words   |  4 PagesIllegal Immigration Problems In the United States, there are roughly eleven million people who can be classified as illegal immigrants, which is by far way too many. When it comes to the history of illegal immigrants, most United States citizens could be considered as an illegal immigrant. In the early years of American history, our ancestors fled into this country for better life styles and to start their own families. During this time there were not laws dealing with who could and could not enterRead MoreIllegal Immigrants : Illegal Immigration1627 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal Immigration in the US What does illegal immigration mean to a hard working, middle class worker providing for a family of four? What does illegal immigration mean to someone who is getting jobs taken right underneath them from illegal immigrants that are willing to work the same job for a lower paycheck? What does illegal immigration mean to someone who is in need for a job? Illegal immigration is an epidemic occurring in the United States of America, the land of the free (to the legal citizens)Read MoreIllegal Immigration : Illegal Immigrants949 Words   |  4 PagesIllegal immigrants have been a hot topic lately due to the popularity of this topic amongst the Republican Presidential Nominees, especially Donald Trump. These illegal immigrants bring various things to this country when they come. Some things are positive, such as a family simply seeking to find a better life, while some things are harmful to the United States, such as the amount of crime among illegal immigrants. In July 2015, the most re cent estimate of illegal immigrants was 11.2 million. ThisRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1100 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal immigration Over the past few years illegal immigration has become a bigger problem. Statistics reveal that more and more immigrants are entering the country illegally by crossing the borders. If something is not done soon, this may get out of hand and be to gone far not to handle. The number of illegal immigrants have gone up over the past years drastically In 2011, there were 40 million immigrants in the U.S. Of that 11.1 million were illegal. Although the number of illegalRead MoreIllegal Immigrants : Illegal Immigration1155 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Illegal Immigration is a huge topic especially in 2017, bringing in different aspects about illegal immigrants. Illegal immigrants are told to be killers, drug dealers, job stealers and whom also hurt the U.S. economy. Is this true? Could it possibly be that they do all of this to hurt the United States? Or could it be that they truly come here for the American Dream? On one side of people’s perspectives illegal immigrants come here to help provide for their family and don’t takeRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1902 Words   |  8 PagesSince the 1980s, the US government has undertaken initiatives to make its borders more non-porous to illegal immigration from its neighboring countries. The menace of illegal immigrants seeking better opportunities in the USA started reflecting in the 1970s. The migrating people are motivated by the better non-skilled or semi-skilled employment opportunities in the USA and the relatively higher remuneration for se rvices rendered in the USA than in the neighbor countries especially Mexico (HansonRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1286 Words   |  6 Pages Undocumented Immigration An analysis of illegal immigration in the United States reveals one challenge facing the banks and other institutions: whether to provide banking and other services to the illegal immigrants or to treat them as criminals because they are illegal and therefore, not to provide them with banking and other services. The articles, â€Å"Crossing the Line† by Stein and â€Å"Illegal Immigrants – They’re Money,† by Rodriguez discuss the impact of illegal immigration in the United StatesRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration964 Words   |  4 Pages Attention Step (quotation, question, or story) About four months ago in government class, we had a class discussion. The topic was illegal immigration. One student said that America should send the illegal immigrants back to their country because they are taking American’s jobs. He stated that he would send his dad back to Mexico because he is an illegal immigrant. Going around the circle that we created, everyone gave their opinions, most disagreed, but some agreed with the student. When it wasRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1044 Words   |  5 Pagesmany Americans take for granted. Many of the illegal immigrants come to America where they hope to obtain the freedom that is not given in their country. There is a serious problem with the immigration policy: it is very difficult for immigrants to become an actual U.S. citizen. If the policy were to be readjusted, and the length of time the immigrant has to live in the United States before they can become a citizen were to be shortened, illegal immigratio n could be slowed or even stopped. AccordingRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1710 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal Immigration in the US What does illegal immigration mean to a hardworking, middle class worker providing for a family of four? What does illegal immigration mean to someone who is getting jobs taken right underneath them from illegal immigrants that are willing to work the same job for a lower paycheck? Illegal immigration is an epidemic occurring in the United States of America, the land of the free (to the legal citizens). There are many reasons why immigration is harmful and in some cases

Misappropriation Of Assets Essay - 1360 Words

Introduction Over the past two years, corporate America has endured a plethora of fraudulent acts committed by those of high status within their respective corporations, most of which involve internal fraud. Internal fraud has two main aspects, misappropriation of assets and fraudulent financial reporting, with the focus of this discussion lying within the former. Misappropriation of assets is defined as fraud for personal gain. It is the most common type of fraud found among employees and frequently includes theft of cash and inventory. Misappropriation of asserts, better yet, fraud in general, is relevant to and pivotal for accountants, auditors, and people in business for the simple fact that the losses from fraud affects the†¦show more content†¦(Romney and Steinbart 2003) Many major corporations have suffered from the effects of fraudulent activities and Tyco Internationals situation is a perfect example of this. In order to show the impact of fraud on Tyco Interna tionals entire corporation, I will discuss the activities of the companys CEO, Dennis Kozlowski, and CFO, Mark Swartz. I will also discuss what the company is doing to prevent these happenings from occurring again. Furthermore, I will describe any provisions and current updates that intend to assist in fraud deterrence in the future. The Culprits Dennis Kozlowski became CEO of Tyco International in 1992 after working for the company for 23 years. He grew up in a Â…working-class neighborhood in Newark, New Jersey, [and] Â…attended Seton Hall [University]. (Business Week 2001) His entire history at Tyco was not always full of corruption and lies. He, at one time, was being compared to General Electric Companys CEO, Jack Welch because he transformed Tyco from an obscure manufacturer into a powerhouse worth 50 times more than when [he] took charge. (Business Week 2001) His counterpart, better yet, partner-in-crime, Mark Swartz arrived at Tyco [International] in 1991, one year before Kozlowski became CEO. (CFO 2001) After working as a due diligence consultant forShow MoreRelatedMisappropriation of Assets1400 Words   |  6 Pagescorporations, most of which involve internal fraud. Internal fraud has two main aspects, misappropriation of assets and fraudulent financial reporting, with the focus of this discu ssion lying within the former. Misappropriation of assets is defined as fraud for personal gain. It is the most common type of fraud found among employees and frequently includes theft of cash and inventory. Misappropriation of asserts, better yet, fraud in general, is relevant to and pivotal for accountants, auditorsRead MoreOccupational Fraud : A Glance At Asset Misappropriation And Other Types Of Organisational Fraud Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pages II. OCCUPATIONAL FRAUD – A glance at Asset Misappropriation and other types of organisational fraud Now that we have tolerably defined ‘fraud’, we can move on to explain ‘Occupational Fraud’ which is an internal fraud i.e. generally committed by employees/members associated with an organisation, and more closely related to corporate governance. Occupational Fraud is defined as: â€Å"The use of one’s occupation for personal enrichment through the deliberate misuse or misapplication of the employingRead MoreClassification of Fraud Cases1382 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Fraud Tree† for classifying frauds. (See pg.20 Appendix 1) It categorizes the individual fraud schemes into some classification model of categories, subcategories, and micro categories. Furthermore, there have three main categories consist of asset misappropriation fraud, corruption and fraudulent financial reporting. Besides, each category of fraud has unique characteristics. (See pg.21 Appendix 2) The 2012 Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse analysed 1,388 fraud cases. The medianRead MoreThe Value Of Forensic Audit1472 Words   |  6 Pages TOPIC: CRITICALLY DISCUSS THE VALUE OF FORENSIC AUDIT PROCESS IN THE DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF ASSET MISAPPROPRIATION FRAUD BY MASHIANE HELLEN MASERA STUDENT NUMBER 44328702 SELECTED CRIMES AND TRANSGRESSIONS: FOR 5907 A UNIQUE NUMBER: 770549 ANNEXURE C DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY NAME: MASHIANE HELLEN MASERA STUDENT NUMBER: 44328702 REGISTRATION YEAR: 2017 I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this research portfolio is my own originalRead MoreManagement s Policies Regarding Compensation Included Extreme Incentives1247 Words   |  5 Pagesprogram may lead employees to rationalize that booking fictitious revenue related to foreign currency exchange will go unnoticed. Misappropriation of assets The likelihood that the control environment will prevent misstatements arising from misappropriation of assets is low. Dickon Technologies has controls in place to prevent misappropriation of assets; however, many of these controls are not properly implemented. Management concluded that staffing is currently at an adequate level inRead MoreEssay Audit Engagement993 Words   |  4 Pageswould prevent misstatements arising from misappropriation of assets and fraudulent financial reporting. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The controller, CFO, and CEO review all financial reports before releasing them. Another area to consider was the assignment of authority and responsibility. Because three different people review the financial reports, it’s easier to identify any mistakes that may have been made which in turn reduces the chances of misappropriation in fraudulent reporting. Through conversationRead MoreDickinson Technologies Essays1577 Words   |  7 Pagessupervisors and on tope of that the senior management does not exercise significant oversight on such decisions and activities. 3. The controls related to safeguarding the assets: Section 3, under topic Management’s Philosophy and Operating Style, of the questionnaire suggests that control system to protect valuable assets exists, but, number of examples of failure to adhere to the system or lack of appropriate management oversight were observed. 4. The segregation of duties, particularly in keyRead MoreFraud : Fraud And Fraud1551 Words   |  7 Pagesfraud, an auditor must be able to differentiate between what is considered fraud and what is considered error. Fraud as defined in our textbook as â€Å"intentional misstatements that can be classified as fraudulent financial reporting and/or misappropriation of assets.† On the other hand, error is â€Å"unintentional misstatements or omissions of amounts or disclosures.† This simply means that fraud and error can have the same affect on a company and its books, the main difference between the two is the intentRead MoreCase Analysis : The Fraud1004 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom fraudulent financial reporting and misstatements arising from misappropriation of assets. A misstatement arising from fraudulent financial reporting is the intentional misstatements or omissions of amounts or disclosures in financial statements to deceive its user and the financial statements are not presented in conformity with the GAAP. A misstatements arising from misappropriation of assets is the theft of an entity s assets which may be accompanied by false or misleading records or documentRead MoreActg 440-Case 3 Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pagesprocedure would have been effective in preventing or detecting the defalcation could have been a separation of duties. 2. a) Since the purchasing agent usually set up wrong purchase orders to factious vendors, we could consider this as an asset misappropriation. The auditor would have identified the risk primarily through review of operational procedure. b) Firstly, we should understand the business and identify what kind of risk the company will face, which operational area should be improved

Tree Planting Project free essay sample

Dissemination Plan will be developed by staff to guarantee the systematic collection of information about the operation of the project and provide the basis for sharing information with other similar projects. Staff/ Administration The Project will employ three full-time and three part time staff. Project Coodinator (full time, paid)- Responsible for hiring project staff, overseeing project evelopment and operation, establishing and maintaining links with local Responsible for establishing the community Center, developing working relationships with formal and informal community leaders, establishing links to community youth organizations, and scheduling of project activities. 0 Volunteer Coordinator (full time, unpaid) Responsible for recruiting youth volunteers, establishing and maintaining training programs for volunteers, scheduling volunteers for service at the project area. The Volunteer Coordinator will have a background in forestry. 0 Project Evaluator (part time, paid) Responsible for collecting entry level (baseline) data regarding youth I. G. A information and conducting periodic assessment of changes in their level of knowledge, comprehension, and application of that information. We will write a custom essay sample on Tree Planting Project or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also responsible for developing and implementing a system for periodic formative evaluation of the work of the volunteers. The successful implementation and expansion of this project is expected to create a state of self reliability and enable beneficiaries know in details, the importance of through community participation. The majority of the population will adhere to improve household income, acquire basic needs and have livelihood improved in the community due to this project.

Cherry Orchard Symbolism Essays - The Cherry Orchard, Symbol

Cherry Orchard Symbolism "We don't see things as they are. We see them as we are." This quote by Anais Nin expresses an essential point of view for this discussion about the symbolic meaning of inanimate objects, since it is our personality and our memories, which determine our character and meaning. Our feelings towards certain objects are individual, as everyone associates different things in a different manner. Insofar, "we see them as we are", since they can mirror our past, pains, hopes and our ideals. Thus they become more than just an object, but a symbol for a certain part of someone's feelings and life. This is also the case in "The Cherry Orchard": objects as the nursery room, the bookcase and the cherry orchard take on their own symbolic life. They all share one thing in common: each one reveals something of the characters' personalities, feelings and ideals. These inanimate objects are a reflection of the characters' inner states of being. The meaning of these inanimate objects are changing analogously with the characters' change of mood, perspective and state of mind. Thus one gets the impression that the objects are more like persons, since it is only the characters' life, which makes and keeps them alive. The nursery room may be for an outstanding person without any implicit significance, but for Lopakhin and Liuba it is a symbol for their childhood, background and past. The nursery room reminds Lopakhin of his origins. It makes him aware that he is "just a peasent" (p.334); no matter how rich he has become or how elegant he might be dressed, his social background still remains visible for other people. After all, one "can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear"(p.334), as his origins will be for good a part of his identity. For Liuba the nursery room symbolizes her "innocent childhood" (p.347). Being in this room, in which "she used to sleep when she was little" (p.336) seems to bring her back to feel a part of that secure, carefree life and makes her feel "little again"(p.336). The bookcase has the same effect on her; all her troubles seem to be far away and she feels pure "happiness" (p.342). Gayevs' 'relationship' to the bookcase is less personal, as he doesn't associate a particular personal memory with it. He considers it rather as an object, which has its own personality; hence, though it is "an inanimate object, true, but still ? a bookcase (p.345)"! The way he sees it is reminiscent of a hero, as it has for already hundred years "devoted itself to the highest ideals of goodness and justice" (p.345) and has never deceived anyone. Being constantly and unshakably true to its 'principles', it was a source, from which "several generations of their family"(p.345) have drawn courage and hope "in a better future"(p.345). In the course of time a lot of things have changed: some people are dead, Gayev and Liuba got adolescent, and the estate is probably going to be sold. However, the bookcase not being subject to any rules or changes, thus becomes for Gayev a symbol of consistency and security. The central symbol of "The Cherry Orchard", as the title might suggest, is the cherry orchard itself. The cherry orchard does not only represent an inanimate object, but it is the center of the characters' world. Their lives could be divided into the era "before the cherry orchard was sold" (p.301) and into the era after it. With this change the symbolic meaning of the cherry orchard before and after the sale also changes. The cherry orchard'before the sale' plays a part in each of the characters' past; but it seems foremost to be part of Liuba's mind, through which the cherry orchard takes on his own symbolic life, as its symbolic meaning changes with the changes in her mind. She "can't conceive to live without the cherry orchard" (p.375), as almost her whole past and memories are connected to it. Looking at it seems to revive the memories of her "happy childhood" (p.347) and makes time stand still, as if "nothing has changed"(p.347) in her life. In those days her attitude towards life was innocent and "bold" (p.375), as she wasn't yet "able to foresee or expect anything dreadful"(p.375). She felt like the cherry orchard, "after the dark, stormy autumn and the cold winter, [-] young and joyous again" (p.347); but now, she seems to have lost this "power of vision" (p.375) and her naive view of life. That's might be the reason for her

10 Fascinating Facts About Stick Insects

10 Fascinating Facts About Stick Insects Stick insects are part of the order Phasmatodea (also known as phasmids and walking sticks) and are most often found in subtropical tropical habitats- when you can find them, that is. These amazing bugs are hard to spot because they look so much like twigs- until those twigs get up and walk away, that is. 1. Stick Insects Can Regenerate Limbs Should a bird or other predator grab hold of its leg, a stick insect  can still make an easy escape. Using a special muscle to break it off at a weak joint, the imperiled insect simply sheds the leg in a defensive strategy is known as autotomy. Juvenile stick insects regenerate the missing limb the next time they molt. In some cases, adult stick insects can even force themselves to molt in order to regain a lost leg. 2. Stick Insects Can Reproduce Without Males Stick insects are a nation of Amazonians, able to reproduce almost entirely without males, using a process known as parthenogenesis. Unmated females produce eggs that when mature, become female stick insects. When a male does manage to mate with a female, theres only a 50/50 chance that the offspring of that union will be male. A captive female stick insect can produce hundreds of all-female offspring without ever mating. In fact, there are species of stick insects for which scientists have never found any males. 3. Stick Insects Even Act Like Sticks Stick insects are so named for their effective camouflage among the woody plants where they feed. Theyre typically brown, black, or green, with thin, stick-shaped bodies that help them blend in as they perch on twigs and branches. Some stick insects exhibit lichen-like markings to make their camouflage more authentic but to make the disguise complete, stick insects imitate twigs swaying in the wind by rocking back and forth as they move. 4. Their Eggs Resemble Seeds Stick insect mothers arent the most maternal. While some stick insects females actually make an effort to hide their eggs- sticking them to leaves or bark or placing them in the soil- they typically drop eggs randomly on the forest floor, leaving the youngsters to whatever fate befalls them. Dont be so quick to judge mama stick insect, though. By spreading her eggs out, she lessens the chance of predators finding and eating all of her offspring at once. Its also helpful that the  eggs resemble seeds, so carnivorous predators are less likely to take a closer look. 5. Nymphs Eat Their Molted Skin After a nymph has molted, its vulnerable to predators until its new cuticle darkens and hardens. The castoff skin nearby is a dead giveaway to enemies so the nymph quickly consumes the shriveled exoskeleton to get rid of the evidence, simultaneously recycling the protein it took to create the discarded layer at the same time. 6. Stick Insects Arent Defenseless Stick insects arent venomous but if threatened, one will use whatever means necessary to thwart its attacker. Some will regurgitate a nasty substance to put a bad taste in a hungry predators mouth. Others reflex bleed, oozing a foul-smelling hemolymph from joints in their body. Some of the large, tropical stick insects may use their leg spines, which help them climb, to inflict some pain on an enemy. Stick insects may even direct a chemical spray, much like tear gas, at the offender. 7. Their Eggs May Attract Ants Stick insect eggs that resemble hard seeds have a special, fatty capsule called a capitulum at one end. Ants enjoy the nutritional boost provided by the capitulum and carry the stick insect eggs back to their nests for a meal. After the ants feed on the fats and nutrients, they toss the eggs onto their garbage heap, where the eggs continue to incubate, safe from predators. As the nymphs hatch, they make their way out of the ant nest. 8. Not All Stick Insects Stay Brown Some stick insects can change color, like a chameleon, depending on the background where theyre at rest. Stick insects may also wear bright colors on their wings but keep these flamboyant features tucked away. When a bird or other predator approaches, the stick insect flashes its vibrant wings, then hides them again, leaving the predator confused and unable to relocate its target. 9. Stick Insects Can Play Dead When all else fails, play dead, right? A threatened stick insect will abruptly drop from wherever its perched, fall to the ground, and stay very still. This behavior, called thanatosis, can successfully discourage predators. A bird or mouse may be unable to find the immobile insect on the ground or prefer living prey and move on. 10. Stick Insects Are the Worlds Longest In 2008, a newly discovered stick insect species from Borneo broke the record for longest insect (which had previously been held by another stick insect, Pharnacia serratipes). The Chans Megastick, Phobaeticus chani, measures an incredible 22 inches with legs extended, with a body length of 14 inches. Sources Marshall, Stephen A. Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity. Firefly Books, 2006.Gullan, P.J., and Cranston, P.S. . The Insects: An Outline of Entomology. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

Amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Amazon - Essay Example This means that the company has successfully attracted the future clientele for itself. The young generation will continue using the online retailer throughout its life because they have had a good experience with the company. This is one of the greatest assets of Amazon.The company is also following cost leadership strategy with great success. The shift in the policy came after 2001 as it was the time when company decided that it has gained enough clientele to follow a cost leadership strategy. This strategy is working and it is expected to work in future as well. This is because in future more online retailers will come and competition for Amazon is increasing. The future competitors will come up with new innovations but the only way through which the new competitors can be fought is through cost cuttings. Any new competitor will not be able to compete with Amazon in future if the company offers excellent services at lowest price. Amazon is also currently trying to pursue a long te rm strategy and this is a good approach. The company should not focus on short term profits rather it should capitalize its brand name in a better way. The company is still in the growth phase therefore it should follow a growth oriented strategy. The lower profits in the short run can be accepted in favour of long term growth. The company is focusing on customer satisfaction and retention, according to the case. This strategy is also commendable as customers are the main source of revenue. Amazon is known to be customer friendly and this should remain the case in future as well. Customer base of the company is strong and this shows that customers are responding to the policies of the company. There are also certain problems in the long term strategy of the company. The company has not accumulated enough cash that is should have and it is not prepared to face any unseen economic disaster. Any unexpected economic problem can drive the company out of business and this is serious conce rn in the short run. The lower profits of the company through services are also a concern. The company should try to earn more and more revenue through advertisement. This is an area where the company is lacking. Google and Yahoo are making use of their brand name and presence to earn massive advertisement revenue. Amazon should do the same thing and should attract companies by selling places on its websites. This is an area where the company is lagging behind and more can be done in this regard. Long term growth strategy is good enough but short term cash accumulation should also under focus. Question 2 Turnaround strategy refers to a set of steps a company takes in order to rejuvenate its business that was previously not working in a desired manner. Businesses when facing serious problems are forced to think differently and come up with strategies that can bring new life to their company. Turnaround strategies help the company change its normal path and do something in order to pe rform better. Turnaround strategies involve reallocation of resources and the most common resource that is reallocated is the management. Companies are sometimes faced with problems that can only be solved by complete overhauling the way the business is run. Amazon is facing problems from its competitors and although the company is enjoying a first mover’s advantage, still competitors are quickly catching up. This is a problem for the company so turnaround strategy will aim at solving the problem of increasing competition. The company should start to think in a different way in order to save itself from the increased competition. The company should immediately turn its focus on its core activity and that is online

Data Mining Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Mining Questions - Essay Example These searches contain documents, information about documents, data about data, text, audio, images and etc. Like information retrieval, data mining also involves gathering information. With data mining query, it is inquiries on trends on the information gathered from large databases or large amount of data. Data mining query uses software or web analysis services in sorting through large data and picking pieces of relative information to show patterns or relationships that are embedded, waiting to be discovered and possibly constructive. A database's performance is measured according to its design, effectiveness when used to inquire 'information', constantly updated and of course the amount of data available for which it was constructed for. Metric measures of performance are available to quantify the effectiveness of the information retrieval. These are precision, recall, F-measure and Mean-average precision. Precision is the proportion of the relevant documents to all documents retrieved and recall is the proportion of relevant documents that are retrieved to all relevant documents available. ... A database's performance is measured according to its design, effectiveness when used to inquire 'information', constantly updated and of course the amount of data available for which it was constructed for. Metric measures of performance are available to quantify the effectiveness of the information retrieval. These are precision, recall, F-measure and Mean-average precision. Precision is the proportion of the relevant documents to all documents retrieved and recall is the proportion of relevant documents that are retrieved to all relevant documents available. Consecutively, F-measure is the weighted harmonic mean of precision and recall and the mean average precision; where average precision refers to the average of the precision after each relevant document is retrieved. For data mining query, its measure of performance can be measured in the exactness of the outcome of the data mining to the intended inquiry and if there other possible usable discoveries produced in that query. 3.) Clearly explain the concept of summarization with an example. Reference: Wikipedia, Online Free Encyclopedia Data mining is centered on determining patterns from data. Queries often lead to a collection of patterns which can be regarded as a summary of data. Since pattern collections summarizing the data are often very large, it is then difficult to summarize pattern collections. Some of the proposed and studied methods of summarizing pattern collections are: 1) Quality value simplifications. 2) Pattern orderings. 3) Pattern chains and antichains. 4) Change profiles. 5) Inverse pattern discovery. For quality value simplifications, pattern collections are

Incest Abuse: Effects And Prevention On Children

Incest Abuse: Effects And Prevention On Children Incest abuse is an issue that is prevalent among family members including children. There are various short-term and long-term effects that children encounter throughout and after their abusive experience. These effects are extremely traumatic and cause stressors for children and within families. Incest can occur between any two family members regardless of age and gender. There has been a lot of research that has been conducted regarding incest, but it is often difficult to draw conclusions from research. This is because of vague definitions and unclear restrictions and guidelines. With everything considered, prevention is the most important step that society can take to try to reduce the number of incest cases. Incest is a horrifying and tragic issue between family members typically involving one person of higher power and one of lesser power. In addition, it is extremely traumatic for children that do not know any different or that are still too young and naÃÆ' ¯ve to understand what is going on. This topic is extremely important in the fact that more research needs to be gathered to understand why this is occurring within the family. This issue is more prevalent that many people realize. Therefore this paper is going to discuss issues relating to incest and sexual child abuse within families. It will include research and studies that relate to family incest and abuse. The paper will cover an analysis of research that has been conducted on the relating topic of incest including short term and long-term effects of incest. There are many different forms of incest, but extensive research findings have only been implemented on a few of the forms. There are also factors such as certain age ranges and gender that are more likely to encounter incest abuse. As more research is being conducted regarding incest and abuse, there also needs to be more prevention implementation. Research is important because it allows researchers to find the reasons and causes of why this is happening. However, this issue of incest will not go away without some sort of prevention tactic. Prevention is an extremely important method to help reduce the prevalence of incest and abuse within families. Incest can be a stressor and traumatic event that often causes short term and long-term effects on victimized children. There are issues such as chemical dependence, mental illness, and numerous psychosocial stressors that these victims can encounter (Courtois, 1997). In addition, the family can face disturbances within relationships and dynamics (Courtois, 1997). These issues include parental discord and immaturity, parent-child role reversals and triangulation, boundary violations, double-bind communications, and entrenched patterns of denial, secrecy and rigidity (Courtois, 1997). These are just a few of the effects that incest can produce among families. Short-term effects of incest consists of, those effects that the victim experiences or displays during and/or immediately after the incest and/or its disclosure (the most consistent include emotional) (Vander Mey Neff, 1986, p. 67). The victim can display a variety of emotions and feelings that are typically associated with short-term effects. These can include shame, guilt, fear, anger, in addition to feelings of being trapped, used, confused, betrayed, and humiliated (Vander Mey Neff, 1986, p. 67). Not every victim will experience these short-term effects, but most often victims will experience one these emotional effects from incest abuse. On the contrary, Long-term consequences for the victim are those behaviors, attitudes, or opinions that the victim has or displays years after the incident(s) of incest: effects that are due directly or indirectly to the incest (Vander Mey Neff, 1986, p. 67). These effects go beyond emotional issues; they extend to larger deviant, antisocial, and/or illegal behavioral effects of the victims (Vander Mey Neff, 1986, p. 67). Often times these behaviors include one or more of the following: promiscuity, inability to assume a wife/mother role, alcoholism, drug abuse, prostitution sexual dysfunctioning, delinquency, depression and suicide (Vander Mey Neff, 1986, p. 67). There seem to be many negative effects on children involved in incest abuse. There is also much controversy among research regarding the effects on the victims. There appears to be no definite absolute answers that tell us exactly what will happen to a child who is the victim of incest abuse. However, there is enough consistent data to conclude that incest is a major risk factor for a variety of serious aftereffects (Courtois, 1997). The studies done in regards of victim effects seem to display a fairly strong variety of possible outcomes. As there is no definite solution to effects of children who experience incest abuse, there is a range of common potential results. There seemed to be little or no research regarding the lasting effects of the long-term consequences among victims. However, there was an overall consensus between research studies that each child is an individual and no two cases/situations are the same, and no two victims will walk away the same. Within a family, each individual takes on different roles. There are common roles that characterize a perpetrator of incest. The most common is the authoritarian father who has absolute authority over the entire family (struggle of a power imbalance) (Blume, 1990, p. 34). In this situation the rest of his family fears the father (Blume, 1990, p. 34). He displays control and power and his wife and kids are on a constant guard trying to never upset him (Blume, 1990, p. 34). The father takes advantage of the power he has by sexually abusing his child(ren) and possibly his wife as well. There is also another type of father that is referred to as the timid father (Blume, 1990, p. 34). This dad is not able to stand up to another adult and express his feelings and is often considerd a push-over (Blume, 1990, p. 35). Since he seems to have no control within the family, he seeks his control elsewhere by sexually abusing a son or daughter of his. There are many people who say that victims of child abuse will grow up to become abusers. However, Blume (1990) states that, One is responsible for ones adult acts; ones past does not cause one to do violence to another (p. 37). In addition, if it were true that these victims of abuse turn into abusers, then shouldnt there be more women as perpetrators since women are more likely be seen as the victims? However, this is not the case because most incest survivors are female, and David Finkelhor says, there is a male monopoly on child molesting (Blume, 1990, p. 37). It is important to remember that young girls are not the only victims of incest and that fathers are not the only perpetrators either. Perpetrators can include mothers, brothers, sisters, and extended family (Sloan Porter 1984). Similarly, victims can consist of sons, daughters, cousins, etc (Sloan Porter, 1984). There may be more prevalence in certain situations, but incest is incest no matter who the victim is or who the perpetrator is. Researches have said that it is very difficult to accumulate research on the issue of incest. There are a variety of reasons for this with the foremost reason being defining incest (Blume, 1990, p. 26). There is no one definition of incest; there are various views on what constitutes as incest. Some are more restrictive than others. For example, some include touch as incest abuse, and others include step-parents/siblings as perpetrators of incest abuse. (Blume, 1990, p. 27). In addition, some say that any age under eighteen years old constitutes as incest abuse; however, there are other researchers other things (Blume, 1990, p. 27). Prevention is the key to diminishing this issue. Just as it is important to have treatment centers and therapy for those who have experienced incest abuse, it is also important to implement preventative measures. Sloan and Porter discuss a prevention plan that was created and implemented by community health nurses into a public school. First, there was an emphasis on the importance that children are aware that teachers and school administrators are available to discuss nonacademic problems (Sloan Porter, 1984). Second, the focus was to present as much information as possible to the children without frightening those who had not had these kinds of experiences (Sloan Porter, 1984). Third, the community health nurses wanted to provide children with a problem solving technique that could be used in a number of situations (Sloan Porter, 1984). There was success in this program in the fact that they were able to present intense information to young kids without frightening or creating anxiety for them (Sloan Porter, 1984). There were also only positive comments received from teachers and school officials (Sloan Porter, 1984). However, the positive feedback that was received was only obtained through school administration and community health nurses who worked together to achieve their goal (Sloan Porter, 1984). As this study seems very encouraging, there needs to be more aspects that are examined in order to determine the actual effects of the program. It is great that this particular program focused on children because it allows them to understand what incest and abuse is about, but there also needs to be a program that helps the adults as well. The studies and information presented has, for the most part, seemed to follow in the same direction and correlate with each other. There is the basic overall conclusion of the idea that incest abuse is more prevalent than many people think and that prevention is the key to reducing the issue. All of the studies seemed to express how difficult incest research is due to various factors. These factors covered a wide range, while some research focused on victims lack of report and others emphasized the definition of incest. The overall research seems to highlight the extremely sad situations and traumatic experiences that victimized children encounter. There are many short-term and long-term effects that children can experience due to incest abuse. The implications that are drawn from these issues is that there needs to be not only therapy for victims, but also prevention programs implemented to help decrease the issue of incest. Profielwerkstuk terrorisme: Westerse wereld Islamitische wereld Profielwerkstuk terrorisme: Westerse wereld Islamitische wereld Inleiding: Het eind van vorig schooljaar stond in het teken van het zoeken van een onderwerp voor het profielwerkstuk. Al snel kwam ik tot de conclusie dat terrorisme mijn onderwerp zou worden. De belangstelling voor het fenomeen terrorisme leeft over de hele wereld. Een recenter onderwerp bestaat bijna niet. Na de terroristische aanslagen op Amerika, Spanje, Engeland en zelfs ons eigen land is deze belangstelling alleen maar toegenomen. Dit vond ik interessant en besloot ik mijn profielwerkstuk over terrorisme te houden. Maar hoe ga ik mijn onderzoek uitvoeren? Terrorisme is een heel breed onderwerp. Dus moest ik bepalen waartoe ik mijn onderwerp ging beperken. Terrorisme is iets van alle tijden. In eerste instantie is het gericht tegen het gevestigde bemind daaronder verstaan we de koning of president. Later ook tegen de overheid (revolutie, burgeroorlog, guerrilla). Maar wat nieuw is in de 2e helft van de 20e eeuw is dat terroristische groepen zich heel modern gaan organiseren dan hebben we het over de modernste wapens en de nieuwste en beste communicatie apparatuur. Door het nieuws te kijken, de krant te lezen en informatie van internet te halen heb ik mijzelf georià «nteerd. Vervolgens besloten om de ontwikkeling in het terrorisme tegen de Westerse wereld centraal te stellen. Onder de Westerse wereld verstaan wij de VS, West-Europa en Australià «. Ook beschouwen we Israà «l deels tot de Westerse wereld, dit land wordt namelijk gesteund door de Westerse wereld. Ik ben tot de volgende hoofdvraag en deelvragen gekomen: Hoofdvraag: Wat is de belangrijkste ontwikkeling in het terrorisme tegen de Westerse wereld? Deelvragen: Wat zijn de belangrijkste Islamitische terroristische gebeurtenissen geweest vanaf Mà ¼nchen 72? Wat is de kern van het conflict tussen de Westerse wereld en de Islamitische wereld? Wat is er gedaan aan de bestrijding van terrorisme sinds 11-09-01? In welke richting moeten we de oplossing voor terrorisme bestrijding zoeken? De hoofdvraag wilde ik helder houden, maar tegelijkertijd wilde ik ook de mogelijk hebben om hem uitgebreid te behandelen. Bij de deelvragen wilde ik meer over de geschiedenis van terrorisme te weten komen, maar dan heb ik het beperkt tot de afgelopen 38 jaar. Verder was ik ook erg genteresseerd in wat nou eigenlijk de kern van het conflict is tussen de Verenigde Staten en de westerse wereld. En ook de bestrijding van terrorisme wilde ik aan bod laten komen in dit profielwerkstuk. Vandaar deelvraag twee en drie. Tenslotte leek het mij ook een goed idee om een probleemstellende vierde deelvraag te maken zodat ik daarin ook nog een stukje eigen mening kon geven. Daardoor werd het ook mogelijk om mijn eigen visie naar voren te laten komen. Veel leesplezier! Voorkennis Voordat je begint met het lezen van mijn profielwerkstuk is het misschien handig om eerst even uit te leggen wat terrorisme nou eigenlijk is. Terrorisme is het uit ideologische motieven dreigen met, voorbereiden of plegen van op mensen gericht ernstig geweld, dan wel daden gericht op het aanrichten van maatschappij-ontwrichtende zaakschade, met als doel maatschappelijke veranderingen te bewerkstelligen, de bevolking ernstige vrees aan te jagen of politieke besluitvorming te benvloeden. Nederland hanteert bij de bestrijding van terrorisme een zogenoemde brede benadering. Niet alleen de geweldsdaden zelf aanpakken, maar ook het traject dat vooraf gaat aan deze daden. Deze definitie is wettelijk vastgesteld. Het komt erop neer dat onschuldige burgers het slachtoffer zijn van terreuracties. *http://www.nctb.nl/onderwerpen/wat_is_terrorisme/ Het is moeilijk om het begrip terrorisme goed te duiden want wat voor slachtoffer(s) een ongerechtvaardigde aanslag is wordt door de dader vaak gezien als een gerechtvaardigde actie. Terreuracties vinden meestal plaats in situaties die door de plegers van daad van legitiem verzet of van principià «le uiting wordt gezien. Wat voor de à ©Ãƒ ©n een terrorist is, is voor de ander een vrijheidsstrijder. Bij terroristische acties worden onschuldige burgers betrokken. Het kan gaan om à ©Ãƒ ©n of een paar onschuldige burgers, maar soms ook om tientallen,honderden, of misschien wel duizenden onschuldige burgers. In de 2e wereld oorlog werden tegen de Duitse bezetters wel aanslagen beraamd; dat waren geen terroristische acties maar verzetsdaden tegen de bezetter. Individualisme en collectivisme zijn 2 belangrijke begrippen voor het verschil tussen de westerse wereld en de Islamitische wereld het zijn 2 uitersten. Vrijheidsstrijders in het Westen treden vaak in organisaties op, zoals de IRA in Noord Ierland en de ETA in Spanje. Radicale moslimfundamentalisten plegen soms in hun eentje een terroristische aanslag; soms met inzet van hun eigen leven. Die laatste vorm van terrorisme is nogal nieuw in de geschiedenis. Hoofdstuk 1 Wat zijn de belangrijkste Islamitische terroristische gebeurtenissen geweest vanaf Mà ¼nchen 72? De hele wereld zat aan de buis gekluisterd. 11 september 2001. Een datum die bij iedereen in zijn geheugen staat gegrift als een dag vol haat en verdriet. De wereld heeft natuurlijk al langer te maken met terrorisme maar 11 september 2001 kan wel als terroristisch hoogtepunt, of liever gezegd dieptepunt, worden gezien. Deze dag was voor George W. Bush (toenmalige president van de Verenigde Staten) ook de aanleiding om terrorisme de oorlog te verklaren. Om even terug in de tijd te gaan. Bijna 38 jaar geleden, 5 september 1972. Ook deze dag zit een groot deel van de wereld vol ongeloof naar de tv te kijken. Een gijzelingsdrama tijdens de Olympische spelen in Mà ¼nchen. Ook deze dag is niet het officià «le begin van het terrorisme, dit is eigenlijk al vele jaren bezig, maar 5 september 1972 wordt door veel mensen wel als een soort startsein gezien. Nu is het menens, het was duidelijk dat na vandaag er nog veel aanslagen over en weer zouden volgen en dat wereld vanaf nu onafscheidelijk verbonden zal zijn met terrorisme. Omdat zon groot wereldwijd evenement als de Olympische spelen werd uitgekozen werd het duidelijk dat de gevoerde strijd tussen Israà «lià «rs en Palestijnen nu wel eens een wereldwijde strijd zou kunnen gaan worden. De strijd tussen Israà «lià «rs en Palestijnen is al lang bezig. Al aan het einde van de 19e eeuw zijn er veel joden die streven naar een onafhankelijke staat in Palestina als uitweg voor de onderdrukkingen in Europa. In de jaren zullen er nog veel Joden volgen, vanaf 1930 vluchtten er bijvoorbeeld veel joden naar Palestina vanwege het antisemitisme in Duitsland. Tussen 1936 en 1939 vindt de Grote Opstand plaats. Dit is een opstand van Arabieren die protesteren tegen de Joodse immigratie. De Britten die op dat moment de macht hebben in Palestina treffen strenge maatregelen wat betreft de immigratie, maar dit leidt alleen maar tot meer conflicten met de joods-palestijnse bevolking. Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog, in 1947, stemt de Algemene vergadering van de Verenigde Naties in met een plan van de Britten om Palestina in twee delen te verdelen. De joden accepteren dit besluit, maar de Arabieren absoluut niet. Er volgt onmiddellijk een burgeroorlog tussen de Joden en Palestijnen. De joden slagen er in om met geweld een groot deel van de Arabische bevolking te verdrijven en op 14 mei 1948 roept David Ben-Gurion de staat Israà «l uit. Een dag later vallen ruim 30.000 Arabieren uit verschillende Arabische landen de nieuwe staat in en de Israà «lische Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog (ook wel de Arabisch-Israà «lische Oorlog van 1948 genoemd) volgt. Vanaf dan zullen de conflicten tussen de Israà «lià «rs e n Palestijnen doorzetten tot op de dag van vandaag. In dit hoofdstuk zullen verder de belangrijkste Islamitische terroristische gebeurtenissen vanaf Mà ¼nchen 1972 worden besproken. Dit was een dag waarop bij de strijd tussen de Israà «liers en Palestijnen de wereld werd betrokken. Wat eerst een conflict was tussen twee volken werd nu een conflict op wereldwijd niveau. Vooral door de steun die de Verenigde Staten geeft aan Israà «l breidt het conflict zich uit. Terrorisme is natuurlijk niet iets van de laatste jaren maar het is onmogelijk alle gebeurtenissen van de afgelopen eeuwen te betrekken in dit hoofdstuk. Daarom heb ik gekozen voor een periode van ongeveer 35 jaar. Op deze manier kunnen kan ik een beter gedetailleerd beeld geven en ook duidelijk de verschillen en overeenkomsten tussen de aanslagen uitlichten. Reacties van verschillende partijen zullen ook worden toegelicht. Mà ¼nchen 1972: Het was de bedoeling om van de Olympische Zomerspelen 1972 vooral vrolijke spelen te maken. Op deze manier probeerde Duitsland de dubieuze spelen van 1936 in Duitland waarin Adolf Hitler zijn fascistische ideologie probeerde uit te dragen, te vergeten. Maar vrolijk werden de spelen zeker niet. Op 5 september vallen Palestijnse terroristen van de organisatie Zwarte September het onderkomen van een aantal Israà «lische atleten binnen. Twee leden van het Israà «lisch Olympische team worden hierbij direct vermoord en 9 andere werden gegijzeld. Na lang onderhandelen wordt duidelijk wat de eis van de Palestijnse terroristen is. Het vrijlaten van 234 Arabische gevangenen. Daarbij willen ze een vrije aftocht en een vliegtuig tot hun beschikking. Golda Meir, de premier van Israà «l laat via de Bondskanselier van Duitsland, Willy Brandt, weten dat zij onder geen enkele voorwaarde onderhandelt met terroristen. Het hoofd van de politie van Mà ¼nchen, Manfred Schreiber, beslu it vervolgens dat er dan een reddingsoperatie, zonodig met geweld, moet volgen. Er volgt op zijn bevel een reddingsoperatie op het vliegveld, maar die mislukt. Er waren pantserwagens onderweg om de gijzelaars van het vliegveld af te voeren, maar omdat een groot deel van de mensen die de gebeurtenissen op tv heeft gevolgd massaal naar het vliegveld gaan, is het onmogelijk voor de pantserwagens om het vliegveld te bereiken. Verder waren er op het dak scherpschutters gestationeerd maar toen zij het vuur openden, ging er van alles mis. De meeste terroristen konden op tijd dekking zoeken en als reactie op de scherpschutters gooit à ©Ãƒ ©n van de terroristen een handgranaat in de eerste helikopter met gegijzelden en een andere terrorist begint te schieten op de tweede helikopter waardoor vervolgens alle 9 gegijzelden overlijden. Als reactie op 5 september 1972, volgen er in de tijd erna heel wat terroristische aanslagen over en weer. Eind Oktober 1972 bijvoorbeeld al, als de leden van de Zwarte September beweging een vliegtuig kapen van de Duitse luchtvaartmaatschappij Lufthansa met als eis om 3 terroristen vrij te laten. Onder zwaar protest van Israà «l gaat Duitsland hierop in. Als reactie op deze kaping bombardeert Israà «l vervolgens vier Palestijnse trainingskampen bij Damascus. In principe is dit een strijd tussen Israà «lià «rs en Palestijnen. Bomaanslagen op scholen in Israà «l of gegijzelden Palestijnen zijn het gesprek van de dag. Er is sprake van een soort patroon want beide partijen reageren op elkaars aanslagen door er vervolgens zelf een te plegen. Ook Frankrijk wordt deels in de strijd betrokken want er volgen in de jaren na 1972 verschillende bomaanslagen in Frankrijk, gepleegd door Islamitische groeperingen. Opvallend is hoe weinig de Verenigde Staten worden betrokken bij deze strijd. Op 8 september 1974 vind er wel een bomaanslag plaats op een vliegtuig van TWA (Trans World Airlines, een Amerikaanse luchtvaartmaatschappij) met als eindbestemming JFK International Airport. Op deze bomaanslag volgt echter geen directe reactie of volgende aanslag. Deze bomaanslag is mogelijk een reactie van de Palestijnen op de steun van de Amerikanen aan Israà «l. Een persoon die bij vrijwel de meeste van Palestijns afkomstige aanslagen is betrokken, is de Palestijnse terrorist Aboe Nidal (1937 2002). Hij was toentertijd à ©Ãƒ ©n van de meest gezochte en gevreesde Palestijnse terroristen ter wereld en wordt verantwoordelijk gehouden voor 90 aanslagen in 20 verschillende landen. Aanslag op Amerikaanse marinebasis: Op 23 oktober 1983 wordt er een bomaanslag gepleegd op het hoofdkwartier van de Amerikaanse mariniers bij het vliegveld van Beiroet. De aanslag wordt even later opgeà «ist door Sjiitische extremisten. Er komen in totaal 241 Amerikanen om het leven. De explosieve lagen vermoedelijk in een vrachtwagen, die door Sjiitische extremisten bestuurd werd. Er raakten bovenop de 241 doden ook nog 80 mensen gewond en er was ook grote materià «le schade. De mariniers waren in Beiroet omdat ze daar heen waren gestuurd door president Reagan om te helpen bij het beà «indigen van de burgeroorlog. Later op die dag volgde er ook een bomaanslag op het hoofdkwartier van Franse parachutisten. Er komen bij deze aanslag 58 Franse soldaten om het leven. Deze aanslag wordt opgeà «ist door dezelfde Sjiitische extremistische groep. Boeing wordt gekaapt: Op 14 juni 1985 wordt er een Boeing 727 van TWA met 153 inzittenden door Sjiitische extremisten gekaapt. Het vliegtuig wordt gedwongen om naar Beiroet te vliegen waar zij 39 Amerikanen gegijzeld houden. Het doel van de kaping en gijzeling is de invrijheidstelling van 700 Arabieren door Israà «l. De gijzeling duurt tot 1 juli en in die tijd blijven alle gijzelaars in leven, behalve à ©Ãƒ ©n, de Amerikaanse marinier Robert Stretham, hij wordt terplekke geà «xecuteerd. Israà «l geeft toe aan de eisen waardoor vervolgens het vliegtuig wordt teruggevlogen naar het vliegveld van Frankfurt en de gijzelaars vrij worden gelaten. De Lockerbie ramp: Op 21 december 1988 vind er een terroristische aanslag plaats in een Boeing 747 van de Amerikaanse luchtvaartmaatschappij Pan Am. Het vliegtuig was vanuit Frankfurt op weg naar New York en had net een tussenlanding gemaakt in Londen. Rond 7 uur s avonds verdwijnt het vliegtuig van de radar. Het bevind zich dan nog op 10 kilometer hoogte boven het Schotse Lockerbie. Even later vind er een explosie plaats in het bagageruim waardoor het vliegtuig volledig uiteen wordt gescheurd. Een deel van het vliegtuig komt neer in een woonwijk waardoor behalve alle 259 inzittenden ook 11 mensen op de grond om het leven komen. Uit het Schotse onderzoek wat volgt komt als eerste naar voren dat deze aanslag een reactie was op 3 juli 1988 waarbij de VS een Iraans burgervliegtuig zouden hebben beschoten met als gevolg dat alle 290 inzittenden daaruit omkwamen. Dit spoor loopt uiteindelijk echter dood en na verder onderzoek wordt er gewezen op twee Libische geheim agenten, Abdel Basset Ali Mohammed el-Megrahi en Al-Amin Khalifa Fhima. Zij zouden er voor hebben gezorgd dat de koffer waarin de bom zat aan boord was gekomen en dus de explosie hebben veroorzaakt. Zij zouden dit hebben gedaan omdat zij bepaalde Libische gevangenen vrij zouden willen krijgen. Rijtje huizen in LockerbieDe Verenigde Staten houden ook Libià « verantwoordelijk, maar volgens hen was deze aanslag een vergeldingsactie omdat de dochter van de Libische leider Muammar Ghadaffi bij een Amerikaans vergeldingsbombardement op Tripoli (hoofdstad van Libià «) om het leven was gekomen. Het Amerikaans vergeldingsbombardement had plaatsgevonden omdat zij Libià « verantwoordelijk hielden voor een aanslag op een disco in West-Berlijn in 1986. De aanslag boven Lockerbie was volgens hen dus uit wraak van Muammar Ghadaffi gepleegd. In augustus 2003 erkende de Libische regering de verantwoordelijkheid voor de aanslag boven Lockerbie en gaf daarbij toe bereid te zijn om een schadevergoeding te betalen aan de nabestaanden. 11 september 2001: De dag begon voor al die duizenden werkende mensen als elke andere dag. Niemand had aan zien komen dat vandaag de wereld wel eens zou kunnen veranderen. Toch gebeurde het en zorgde wereldwijd dan ook voor ontzettend veel ophef en ongeloof. Om kwart voor negen s ochtends lokale tijd begon het allemaal. Het eerste vliegtuig, een passagiersvliegtuig van American Airlines, vliegt in het bovenste deel van de noordelijke WTC toren. Omdat het vliegtuig pas kort daarvoor was opgestegen zaten de tanks nog vol kerosine en volgde er een gigantische explosie. Om 5 minuten over 9 volgde het tweede vliegtuig, een vlucht van United Airlines, die zich in de zuidelijke toren boord. Een paar uur later storten beide torens volledig in en alle mensen die op dat moment nog in het gebouw aanwezig zijn komen om het leven, net zoals 349 brandweermannen en 62 mensen van de politie. Een half uur nadat het tweede vliegtuig in de zuidelijke toren was gevlogen, boord er een vliegtuig, tevens een vlucht van American Airlines, in het Pentagon, het Amerikaanse ministerie van Defensie in Washington D.C. Ook een vierde vliegtuig werd die ochtend gekaapt. Dit stortte echter neer in een veld net buiten Pittsburg. De FBI heeft kunnen aantonen uit de transcriptie van geheime opnames uit de cockpit dat à ©Ãƒ ©n van de kapers de piloot verplichtte het vliegtuig te laten neerstortten om daarmee te voorkomen dat de passagiers verder zouden gaan met het vliegtuig heroveren. Er is aangenomen dat het doel van de kapers in eerste instantie was om met dit vliegtuig een aanslag op het Capitool of het Witte Huis te plegen. Tijdens de kapingen hebben passagiers door middel van hun mobiele telefoon aan bekenden informatie over de kapers weten door te spelen waardoor op 12 september 2001 door de FBI een lijst naar boven kwam met de vermoedelijke kapers. Osama bin Laden, à ©Ãƒ ©n van de leiders van Al Qaida, wordt vanaf het begin verantwoordelijk gehouden voor de aanslagen op 11 september. Verschillende onderzoeken wezen in zijn richting. Onder andere een videoboodschap waarin Osama bin Laden gezegd zou hebben dat de aanslagen beter zijn verlopen dan hij had verwacht. Een tijdje na de aanslagen vraagt de VS aan Afghanistan om te uitlevering van bin Laden aan de VS. Nadat de VS een ultimatum stelde kwamen honderden leden van de Taliban bij elkaar en verzochten zij bin Laden om uit Afghanistan te vertrekken want zij wensten te onderhandelen met de VS. De VS ging daar echter niet op in en Osama bin Laden liet weten dat hij zich alleen zou laten berechten in een Islamitisch land. Hij erkende dus, zonder het letterlijk te zeggen, zijn verantwoordelijkheid voor de aanslagen. Later liet bin Laden via een videoboodschap weten dat er een jihad (betekent in het Islamitisch: strijd) van alle Moslims zal komen tegen het zionisme en de kruistochten en ook tegen de Verenigde Staten. 11 maart 2004: In de ochtend van 11 maart vinden er in vier verschillende forenstreinen in Madrid bomaanslagen plaats. Uiteindelijk werden er 13 bommen gevonden, waarvan er 10 tot explosie waren gebracht. Bij deze ergste terroristische aanslag in Europa, sinds de Lockerbie-ramp, komen er 191 mensen om het leven en raken ruim 1400 mensen gewond. De schuld wordt door de Spaanse overheid eerst geschoven in de richting van de Baskische afscheidingsbeweging ETA. De ETA ontkent echter elke betrokkenheid bij de aanslag. Later wordt een cassettetape met Arabische koranverzen gevonden en Al Qaida wordt hierdoor als vermoedelijke dader gezien. Spaanse autoriteiten blijven echter nog enige tijd bij hun standpunt dat de aanslag het werk is van de ETA. Maar een met Al Qaida verwante organisatie, Brigade Abu Hafs al-Masri, eist vervolgens de aanslag op en na het vinden van de cassettetape en uitgebreid onderzoek wordt Al Qaida dus als officià «le dader gezien. Als er naar de data wordt gekeken ka n ook geconcludeerd worden dat de aanslag toebehoord aan Al Qaida. De aanslag vind precies 30 maanden (2,5 jaar, 911 dagen) na de aanslagen op 11 september plaats. 911 is een veelgebruikte aanduiding voor de aanslagen van 11 september. Van toeval is dus niet meer te spreken. De aanslagen in Madrid zijn het geplande werk van Al Qaida. 7 juli 2005: In de ochtend van 7 juli 2005 kreeg Londen te maken met verschillende explosies. In een half uur vonden er drie ontploffingen plaats in de metro en even later werd een openbare bus het doelwit van een terroristische aanslag. Met 56 doden en ruim 700 gewonden was dit de meest ernstige terroristische aanslag op het Verenigd Koninkrijk sinds de ramp in Lockerbie (1988). Bij de explosies in de metros werd eerst nog uitgegaan van een ernstige stroomstoring maar toen even later een dubbeldekkerbus explodeerde, werd duidelijk dat het om een terroristische aanslag ging. Al Qaida werd al snel als schuldige gezien. Omdat er verschillende aanslagen vrijwel tegelijkertijd plaatsvonden, wezen experts erop dat het daarom als een klassieke Al Qaida aanslag kon worden gezien. Van klassieke Al Qaida aanslagen kan worden gesproken als de aanslagen de volgende kenmerken bezitten: de explosies vinden vrijwel tegelijkertijd plaats; er werden vooraf geen waarschuwingen gegeven door de terroristen; om de maximale aandacht van de media te trekken wordt een druk tijdstip uitgekozen, zoals de ochtendspits; de aanvallen vinden plaats op een druk tijdstip, met als doel om zoveel mogelijk burgers om te brengen. De aanslag werd ook vrijwel direct opgeà «ist door Al Qaida. De speciale tak van Al Qaida in Europa plaatst via internet een verklaring waaruit blijkt dat de aanslagen een vergelding waren voor de Britten in Irak. Een deel van de verklaring luidt: Wij hebben onze belofte gehouden en een succesvolle militaire operatie uitgevoerd. We waarschuwen eveneens de regeringen van Denemarken en Italià « om hun troepen uit Afghanistan en Irak terug te trekken. Motieven van Islamitische terroristen: Islamitische extremisten zien zichzelf natuurlijk niet als terroristen. Zij vinden zichzelf vrijheidstrijders en zeggen dat zij handelen uit naam van een hoger doel wat hen leidt. Ze geloven dat hun God van hen verwacht dat ze hun eigen godsdienst verdedigen door mensen van andere religies of geloofovertuigingen aan te vallen. Ze maken zich niet druk om het verlies van politieke steun omdat in hun gedachte hun God toch altijd aan hun kant zal blijven staan. Geweld en het ombrengen van burgers die onschuldig zijn is daarbij noodzakelijk om hun doel te bereiken. Zij proberen op deze manier politieke veranderingen er door te krijgen. De vier motieven voor Islamitische terroristen zijn daarom ook extremisme, separatisme, politiek idealisme of hun geloof in een goede zaak. Islamitische extremisten geloven in het feit dat als beloning voor daden als zelfmoordaanslagen zij als martelaren worden vereerd en dus in het paradijs terechtkomen. Als eis bij een terroristische aanslag wordt vaak de vrijlating van verschillende gevangenen geà «ist. Methoden van Islamitische terroristen: Het financieren van terroristische aanslagen kost vaak vele miljoenen euros. Er is geld nodig voor de training, uitrusting en reizen. Dit wordt vaak gefinancierd door bankovervallen, het losgeld van gijzelingen en valsemunterij. Uit onderzoek is gebleken dat Al Qaida ook een deel van hun geld doorgesluisd heeft gekregen van verschillende liefdadigheidsorganisaties, bedrijven en banken. De organisatie van islamitische terreurbewegingen gebeurt vaak in verschillende, kleine groepen (cellen). Elke cel bestaat daarbij vaak uit enkele leden. De cellen opereren vaak onder miljoenen mensen en het opsporten is daarom ook haast onmogelijk, verder is er ook zeer weinig of geen contact tussen de verschillende cellen onderling. Zo kunnen grote terreurorganisaties als Al Qaida nooit in à ©Ãƒ ©n keer worden opgespoord. Er zijn bij Islamitische terreuracties al verschillende technieken toegepast. Vliegtuigkapingen, schietpartijen in het openbaar, persoonlijke moordaanslagen, ontvoeringen en bomaanslagen. Bommen worden in autos, vliegtuigen, treinen of boten geplaatst en verschillende keren ook als raketten afgevuurd. Vaak is er ook sprake van zelfmoordaanslagen waarbij de terroristen zichzelf in een drukke omgeving tot ontploffen brengen. Hoewel er de laatste tijd veel te doen is geweest om massavernietigingswapens afkomstig van Islmatische extremisten als chemische zenuwgassen of biologische of nucleaire stoffen, wordt er ook vaak nog gebruikt gemaakt van veel simpeler materiaal. Kunstmest is een goedkope, zeer effectieve en vaak gebruikte springstof. Terrorisme in de media: Terroristische aanslagen bereiken vrijwel altijd de media. Logisch, vaak overlijden of raken er tientallen of zelfs honderden mensen gewond bij een aanslag. Er zijn op dit gebied echter wel twee verschillende soorten aanslagen te onderscheiden. Het kan gaan om een kleinschalige actie die gericht is op het executeren of ontvoeren van à ©Ãƒ ©n bepaalde persoon of een kleine groep mensen. Hierbij is het dan de bedoeling van de terroristen om mensen te laten zien dat zij het niet eens zijn met het beleid van deze persoon of het kan als waarschuwing gelden. Bij de gijzeling tijdens de Olympische Spelen werden bijvoorbeeld maar 9 mensen gegijzeld. Wel waren dit allemaal Israà «lià «rs waardoor duidelijk werd dat dit een aanslag was tegen het gehele Israà «lische volk. Het bereiken van de media is ook altijd het voornaamste doel van de terroristen. Op deze manier kunnen zij een veel groter deel van de mensen bereiken en duidelijk maken wat het doel van de aanslag was. Er worden daarom ook altijd grote gebouwen, drukke tijdstippen en grote evenementen gekozen voor een aanslag. Op deze manier proberen zij hun acties zo spectaculair mogelijk te laten overkomen bij de bevolking en hun boodschap zo duidelijk mogelijk te maken. De media is dus een belangrijk hulpmiddel van terroristen. Zo zou volgens de Israà «lische premier Benjamin Netanyahu terrorisme afnemen als er niet zoveel aandacht aan geschonken zou worden in de media. Het hoofddoel van de terroristen, namelijk publiciteit, valt dan weg. Hoofdstuk 2 Wat is de kern van het conflict tussen de Westerse wereld en de Islamitische wereld? De vele aanslagen tussen de Westerse en de Islamitische wereld zijn niet zomaar in hier terecht gekomen. Er heerst een conflict tussen deze werelden. Een conflict dat nog lang niet zal zijn afgelopen. Er is namelijk al zà ³ lang een conflict dat de werkelijk oorzaak hiervan moeilijk is vast te leggen. Het is van belang vast te stellen wat precies de kern is van dit conflict, om te kunnen kijken wat er zou moeten gebeuren om dit probleem tegen te gaan. Daarom is het ook van belang eerder samengestelde kernen van het conflict tegen elkaar af te wegen. In dit hoofdstuk zullen verschillende visies op het conflict tussen de Westerse wereld en de Islamitische wereld tegen over elkaar worden gezet. Op welke punten hebben ze gelijk en op welke niet. Er zijn 3 visies uitgekozen die worden vergeleken. In het westen is men van mening dat ieder individu mag kiezen hoe hij of zij leeft als dit maar binnen de wetsregels past. Welke religie, welke geaardheid of waar je vandaan komt horen in principe geen rol te spelen. De islam is anders. Toen de westerse invloed eind 19e eeuw de islamitische wereld bereikte, als gevolg van het kolonialisme is de islam in veel landen veranderd. Er was verdeeldheid over hoe de westerse invloed werd opgevat. Sommigen, die de westerse wereld accepteerden, probeerden te twee werelden samen te voegen en zeiden dat de islam goed samenging met de westerse wereld, anderen vonden de idealen helemaal niet zo vanzelfsprekend. De groep die zich afkeert van de westerse wereld wordt gezien als moslimfundamentalisten. Niet iedere fundamentalist zet zich af tegen het westen echter ieder die zich wel afzet is wel een fundamentalist. Het afzetten is een tegenreactie op de westerse wereld. Zo denkt Osama Bin Laden over zijn haat tegen de westerse wereld. De liberalen mos lims proberen juist de islam te vermengen met de moderne wereld. Zij willen weer terug naar een tijd waarin de sharia flexibeler was en regels ook minder streng waren. Het eerste punt is ontstaan toen de westerse wereld invloed kreeg in moslim landen en niet ieder dit accepteerde. Maar dit hoeft niet per se haat te creà «ren. De religie, de islam, schrijft dat de islam iets is van de hele gemeenschap. Vele streven dan ook naar à ©Ãƒ ©n wereldomvattende islamitische staat. Mensen die niet geloven worden ook wel kaffer genoemd. Het zijn deze gedachten, die aangeven dat de islam in principe niet open staat voor andere religies. De manier van interpreteren speelt hier natuurlijk een belangrijke rol bij. Fundamentalisten kunnen dit zien als rede voor geweld, terwijl liberalen dit geweldloos willen oplossen door een gemengde wereld te vormen. Het is ook deze verscheidenheid die er voor zorgt dat niet iedere moslim een terrorist is, maar wel de kans schept om terroristen, of vrijheidsstrijders, te laten voortkomen uit de islam. Want wat wij terroristen noemen, zien zij als vrijheidsstrijders die vrijheid willen zonder de westerse wereld. Radicale Imams: Ashfin Ellian, een (ex-) moslim en rechtsgeleerde is van mening dat het moslimterrorisme alleen te bestrijden is door een open en kritisch debat te voeren over de islam. Zo kunnen we van mekaar leren en vooroordelen verhelpen. Het echte probleem zit volgens hem bij de politieke islam. De aanhangers van de politieke islam zijn de grote vijand van de gewone moslims. Omdat die het imago van de islam negatief aantasten. Net zoals je de katholieken niet moet verwarren met het katholicisme, moet je moslims niet met de islam verwarren. Niet elke aanhanger van het katholicisme doet wat er precies staat in de bijbel of wat de paus zegt. Hetzelfde geldt voor aanhangers van de islam, daar zitten ook verschillen bij. De meesten zijn normale mensen, die hard werken om hun kinderen een toekomst te geven. Als aanhangers van de politieke islam de macht grijpen wordt het leven ondraaglijk, zoals we kunnen zien in Iran en Afghanistan. De politieke islam claimt de absolute waarheid en controle over het leven van alle mensen. Dit in tegenstelling tot de democratie van de Westerse wereld. Volgens Ashfin kan dit worden voorkomen door ervoor te zorgen dat jongeren zich niet bij hun zoektocht naar de islam opsluiten in de politieke islam. Deze jongeren worden benvloed door radicale imams, en dat moet worden tegengegaan. Eigenlijk geeft Ashfin de schuld aan de radicale imams die er voor zorgen dat jongeren aanhangers worden van de politieke islam, en dat is de basis voor een conflict. De politieke islam laat geen plaats over voor mensen die anders denken. Dit terwijl de vrijheid van meningsuiting bij velen zo belangrijk is. Ashfin Ellian zoekt de oplossing bij de nieuwe generatie radicale moslims, en het opkomen daarvan probeert hij te voorkomen. Het zijn inderdaad de radicale moslims die voor veel problemen zorgen, niet de doorsnee moslim. Ook zijn het inderdaad de radicale imams die deze boodschappen doorgeven. Echter om dit op te lossen is het houden van een open en kritisch debat geen oplossing. Want wie praten er dan op zon debat. Wie kijken ernaar, wie heeft de leiding. Het is een onrealistisch doel. Bovendien wordt een debat meestal gevoerd door mensen die bereid zijn erover te praten. Maar radicale moslims en imams zijn dat niet. Die willen niet omgaan met mensen die anders denken. Het is dus niet mogelijk dit debat te org

Economics Review :: Economics Cheat Sheet

Economics Review Chapter 1 Section 1 1. Economics: study of how individuals & nations make choices about ways to use scarce resources to fulfill their needs & wants. 2. Scarcity: state in which people don’t & cannot have enough income, time, or other resources to satisfy. 3. Factors of production: resources of land, labor, capital, & entrepreneurship used to produce goods & services. 4. Entrepreneurship: ability to start new businesses, to introduce new products, & techniques. Section 2 1. Trade-off: exchanging one thing for the use of another, often making unavoidable choices because of the problem of scarcity. 2. Opportunity cost: value of the next best alternative given up for the alternative that was chosen. Section 3 1. Economy: all activity in a nation that affects the production, distribution, & use of goods & services. 2. Economic model: simplified representation of the real world which shows people’s reactions to changes in the economy; theory. 3. Values: beliefs or characteristics that an individual or group considers important. Chapter 2 Section 1 1. Traditional economic system: economic systems are based on customs, beliefs, & ways of doing things that have been passed down from generation to generation. 2. Command economic system: the government controls the factors of production & makes all decisions about their use; also called controlled economy. 3. Market economic system: individuals own the factors of production & make economic decisions through free interaction – government doesn’t intervene. 4. Distribution of income: money payment for work, the amount of health care, education, food, & so on, that each person receives; distribution of goods & services among all members of an economic system. Section 2 1. Capitalism: private individuals own the factors of production and decide how to use them within the limits of the law; market economic system & free enterprise system. 2. Free enterprise system: individuals own the factors of production & decide how to use them within legal limits. 3. Profit: money left after all the costs of production – wages, rent, interest, & taxes have been paid. 4. Profit incentive: desire to make money that motivates people to produce & sell goods & services that others ant to buy. 5. Competition: rivalry among producers or sellers of similar goods to win more business by offering the lowest prices or better quality. Section 3 1. Standard of living: material well-being of an individual, group, or nation measured by the average value of goods & services used by the average citizen during a given period of time.

Gathering Blue Essay

Kira was born into a world ruled by the Council of Guardians, which spared her life when she was but an infant and her mother and her mother’s father—who was the chief guardian—pleaded with them to spare her life instead. Now that her mother has died, her father eaten by beasts before she was born, and her possessions taken to an aggressive woman named Vandara, Kira wonders about her future and her life now, being alone. However, because of her special, magical talent in artwork and needlecraft, Jamison of the Council of Guardians looks at her with favor, offering her a special place and task of keeping and designing the Singer’s robe. On the other hand, her young friend, Thomas, whose parents have also departed, and who has a special talent in woodwork, would take care of keeping the Singer’s staff. An old woman, Annabella, helps and teaches Kira in the art of dyeing. However, Annabella dies right after Kira hears beasts in the forest, and Kira and Matt suspect that maybe their parents died under the direction of the Council of Guardians, especially after Matt hears a frightened girl named Jo crying from the Edifice of the Guardians. By the time of the Gathering, Thomas follows Kira to her room where the former has prepared a special gift to her—her father whom she thought was already deceased; yet her father narrates that he was blinded right after Jamison, his political rival, struck him from behind and then left him for dead. Kira leaves the village to start a new life with her father. Theme: At first it appears that people who are born with a defect or an illness can never help the society, but the opposite appears to be true: children of imperfection can also possess special talents that make them unique and valuable to the society. Personal Response: Writer Lois Lowry is a magnificent writer I understood perfectly how it is to be despised in a community where defects and imperfection are enough reasons to be neglected and left to die. I enjoyed reading the vivid scenes, but the part I enjoyed most is when Kira meets her father, who appeared to be a blind man struck by Jamison, whom I did not suspect would be anything but good. Lois Lowry has a talent in bringing suspense to the fullest, making the reader jump in anticipation to another scene that would be anything except boring. It made me think that culture and traditions have a way of ruling people especially children. Instead of helping people out, certain old traditions are taking their life out. Extension Ideas: What do you think are the talents that you possess? Express it with the use of art. Do you have certain talents that, you believe, should be honored and harnessed? Make a list of them and then classify them if they are under the weak, medium, or strong categories. Kira tried her best to fight for her life and her rights. What do you think would you have done if you were put on Kira’s shoes? At the end of the story, Jamison is left in his world, while Kira and her father leaves and searches for a new and better world. What would you do to Jamison if you were one of the members of the Council of Guardians? Explain in the form of a narrati

Essay on Understanding Phenomenology of Smoking - 2281 Words

There has been a great increase in the number of deaths due to smoking. Headlines such as ‘’Second hand smoke kills 600,000 worldwide annually’’ (Falco, 2010) highlights that there’s a major problem. My question is, why are people still smoking? It should be a wake-up call for those who smoke but even with the hard facts presented, people still decide to smoke. As a psychology student, I was interested in exploring the phenomenology of smoking wanted to address this matter further. To do this, I designed an interview schedule from which I have gained an individual’s emotion as well as perception towards smoking. Before I could do this I had to, myself, understand what an interview is how I could professionally interview an individual†¦show more content†¦While I was interviewing, I had realised that my interviewee tried to make me understand that no matter how bad smoking is how much it affects her health wise, she will not stop un less there’s a specific health problem where she will be forced to stop smoking. This made me question whether will power exists. As any method of research, there are strengths and limitations. This particular method can produce qualitative data and therefore a strength is that it’s packed with in-depth and rich information that can be analysed. Furthermore, thoughts and feelings can be deeply explored as one’s view can be explained rather than rated on a number which may mean something different to each individual. As well as a strength, this is also a weakness. From rich and detailed data case studies are created due to the uniqueness of each individual. This mean that we cannot apply one’s data to everyone else. In other words, we cannot generalise the data to the rest of population as there are individual differences that need to be taken into consideration. Another weakness with interviews is that it’s hard to analyse and draw conclusions from as the interviewer is bombarded with information that will take time to understand to be able to conclude. With this said, the responses from the interviewee are open to researcher bias due to the interpretation of data. I myself have been a victim of this as I chose to interview aShow MoreRelatedResearch Design : Qualitative And Phenomenology ( Interpretive Approach )908 Words   |  4 PagesRESEARCH DESIGN: Qualitative – Phenomenology (interpretive approach) Selecting a qualitative research design best suits the outline of our intended study. 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