How Are Accumulated Degree Days (ADD) Calculated

Entomologists and agriculturalists study insects and plants to learn about our world. These scientists may try to use a species to improve human life, protect us from dangerous organisms, or even answer questions and solve problems. Crime scene insects are just one example of how helpful forensic entomology and similar fields of study can be. One way to get a better look at the development stages of a plant or insect in order to understand them more deeply is to calculate degree days. What Are Accumulated Degree Days? Degree days are a projection of organism development. They are a unit that represents the amount of time that an insect or other organism spends at a temperature above its lower development threshold and below its upper development threshold. If an insect spends 24 hours one degree above its lower development threshold or the temperature beneath which its development ceases, then one-degree day has been accumulated. The higher the temperature, the more degree days acquired for that period. How ADD Are Used Accumulated degree days, or ADD, can be used to determine whether the total heat requirement for a stage of development has been met for an organism or predict whether it will be reached. Farmers, gardeners, and forensic entomologists also use accumulated degree days to predict insect or plant development and success. These calculations can help scientists to understand the life of an organism by providing a helpful estimation of the total effect that temperature and time have on that organism. Every organism requires a predetermined number of days spent within its optimal temperature range for development in order to complete a stage of growth. Studying accumulated degree days offers a glimpse into the imperceptible growth of a plant or insect and this unit requires only a few simple calculations to obtain. Heres a simple method for calculating accumulated degree days. How to Calculate ADD There are several methods that can be used to calculate accumulated degree days. For most purposes, a simple method using the average daily temperature will produce an acceptable result. To calculate the accumulated degree days, take the minimum and maximum temperatures for the day and divide by 2 to get the average or mean temperature. If the result is greater than the threshold temperature, or the base temperature for development, subtract the threshold temperature from the average to get the accumulated degree days for that 24-hour period. If the average temperature did not exceed the threshold temperature, then no degree days were accumulated for that time period. Example Calculations Here are some example calculations for the alfalfa weevil, which has a threshold temperature of 48 degrees F, over the course of two days. Day One: The first day, the maximum temperature was 70 degrees F and the minimum temperature was 44 degrees F. We add these numbers (70 44) and divide by 2 to get an average daily temperature of 57 degrees F. Subtract the threshold temperature from this average (57 - 48) to find the accumulated degree days for day one—the answer is 9 ADD. Day Two: The maximum temperature was 72 degrees F on day two and the minimum temperature was 44 degrees F again. The average temperature for this day was then 58 degrees F. Subtracting the threshold temperature from 58, we get 10 ADD for the second day. Total: The total accumulated degree days is equal to 19, 9 ADD from day one and 10 ADD from day two.

Are scientific management and human relations approaches...

INTERGRATED BUSINESS Phase 3 Assignment Individual Essay Scientific Management and Human Relations Theory Lecturers : Ms.Nguyen Thu Thuy (Assoc.Prof.Dr) Mr.Hoang Anh Duy (MBA) Student name: Duong Viet Hoang Class: FB5B Student ID: 1205012124 Hanoi, March 2014 Table of content I. Introduction 1. Scientific management I.1 Definition I.2 Father of scientific management I.3 Over view of scientific management I.4 Objectives I.5 Theories of Taylor I.6 Other theorist about scientific management I.6.1 Frank and Lillian Gibreth I.6.2 Henry Grantt I.7 Pros and cons of†¦show more content†¦These studies were characterized by the use of a stopwatch to time a worker s sequence of motions, with the goal of determining the one best way to perform a job. Here is some main objectives: Improvement of efficiency and maximization of profit Increase size is desirable in order to obtain the advantages of the division of labor and specialization of tasks. I.12 Theories of Taylor To fix these problems and to make enterprises more profitable Taylor looked at the scientific side of establishments and developed four management principles. The first one is the principle of â€Å"developing a science for each element of work† (Thompson and McHugh, 2009, p.30). Within this principle Taylor summarizes the whole accumulated knowledge of the workers and the company. Hence, he creates rules and norms for each process. Furthermore, he divided the processes in small parts and analyzed them concerning their lead time and course of movement. As a result Taylor could identify and eliminate interference factors (Taylor, 1911, p.24). The main elements of his theory were: 1. Management is a true science. The solution to the problem of determining fair work standards andShow MoreRelatedClassical Management Viewpoint of the Worker1901 Words   |  8 PagesQ11 a The classical management writers had a particular viewpoint of the worker. Discuss what this was. 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Sample Assignment On Goal Setting - Click Now for Complete Solution

The Strata Manufacturing in 2010 became the composite company for fabricating aero structure. It is located in in Al Ain. It is part of the aerospace communication company owned by Mubadala. The company lives up to expectations nearly with its accomplices and customers to convey creative, financially savvy arrangements that join driving edge advancements, best work on assembling methods, and an incorporated production network to the worldwide aviation sector. The goal of the company is to make a differing, manageable, and cutting edge products to the world. Working as a technician in the company and a team leader, the goals of the company get to be divided and contributed by every employee in their sections of specialization. Every employee set the goals so as to align with that of the department as well as that of the entire company. The company goals can be categorized as immediate goals, short term goals, Intermediary goals, and long term goals. Immediate goals are set of goals that need accomplishment in a very short period of time. It is where instant results get to be seen attained. The duration ranges from hours to weeks. On the other hand, short term goals are goals that need accomplishment in a near future. The duration is usually within weeks and months. Long term goals are goals that need to be accomplished in a further future. It calls for planning and preparation and takes duration of more than twelve months. Goal setting any of the types of goals, it includes the improvement of an activity arrangement intended to propel and aide a man or gathering to attaining an objective. It can be guided by objective setting criteria (or guidelines, for example, SMART criteria. Goal setting is a noteworthy part of self-awareness and administration writing. According to research by Locke (2001), a more particular and yearning objectives lead to more execution of change than simple or general objectives. The length of the individual acknowledges the objective, can accomplish it, and does not have clashing objectives; there is a positive direct relationship between objective problem and errand execution (Grant, Anthony, 2012). As a team leader, the goals get attained by setting objectives that is going to influence results in four ways: Choice: goals and objectives tight consideration and direct endeavors to objective pertinent exercises, and far from saw undesirable and objective unessential activities. Effort: goals and objectives can prompt more exertion; for instance, if one ordinarily creates 4 gadgets an hour, and has the objective of creating 6, one may work more seriously towards the objective than one would in one way or another. Persistence: somebody gets to be more prone to work through setbacks if seeking after an objective. Cognition: goals and objectives can lead people to create and change their conduct. 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Say on the off chance that they strive to be similar to their most loved player, the individual is more inclined to advance more push to their own work and objectives (Kegan et al., 2013). Inward variables can get from their support level in the work to attain to the objective. What they anticipate from themselves can either prosper their prosperity, or pulverize it. Additionally, the individual may need to seem better than their companions or rivals. They need to accomplish the objective the best and be known for it. The prize toward oneself of finishing an objective is normally one of the principle keys that keep people conferred (Locke, 2001). It is noted by Locke and Latham (2004) that goal setting hypothesis fails to hold "the issue of time perspective" if the viability of goal setting cannot be clarified by two parts of time management: the guideline of consistent losses. Similar to the interpretation "the entirety of the parts can be more noteworthy than the whole", a division of a task into a few, quick, sub-goals seems to exploit these two component (Locke Latham, 2004). In conclusion, it is critical to plan a head, particularly when one is attempting to achieve a particular goal. It's essential to picture each of the steps expected to achieve the goals. Additionally, strive, battle and stay positive. The goals won't occur incidentally, they likewise won't happen without work. One will need to overcome numerous obstructions before achieving the wanted goals.

Significance of omens as seen in Dr Faustus and Julius Caesar Essay Example

Significance of omens as seen in Dr Faustus and Julius Caesar Paper The play Dr. Faustus, by Christopher Marlowe starts with a brief introduction by the chorus which gives the audience an insight into Faustuss life, up the point the story starts. Faustus like Caesar is a very ambitious man and like Caesar he too was born into a family base of stock from where he worked his way to the top. This growing ambition also makes Faustus waxen wings mount above his reach. This brings to mind the story of Icarus who too ended up like Faustus. Faustus acquires knowledge in all the areas possible for the human mind till he decides to try out something out of the unknown, something which would make him as good as God or better than Him. This thirst for supremacy makes him so dissatisfied that he pays the ultimate price, a pact with Lucifer for selling his soul in return for 24 years of the Devils service to him. He doesnt realize that wisdom is more important than knowledge and unknowingly strives after the impossible. This play features the devolvement of a scholar who couldve contributed significantly to society had he not been so focused with his self-centeredness. We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of omens as seen in Dr Faustus and Julius Caesar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of omens as seen in Dr Faustus and Julius Caesar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of omens as seen in Dr Faustus and Julius Caesar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He undermines the authority of God and takes his future in his own hands and thereby violates the very essence of theology in his search for glory. His dissatisfaction leads him to necromancy and the dark arts. He becomes an acclaimed master at them, and during the time he spends with Mephistophilis at his service, he obtains all kinds of knowledge and power through his servant, he travels around the world and displays his power to the world wanting people to be awed by him. At many times during the play Faustus comes close to repent, he experiences doubt and despair but he always backs away at the last moment. The first scene of the play displays Faustus battle with his conscience; the Good Angel and the Evil Angel depict the entry of his struggle with his thoughts. The Good Angel advises him to lay that damned book aside and to steer away from the cursed path but Faustus doesnt pay heed. This is the first sign by which Faustus couldve avoided the tragic path which lay ahead of him. When Faustus encounters Mephistophilis for the first time, he has a talk with the devil and the humane side of Mephistophilis is shown, he hints with the choice of his words that hell isnt the kind of place one could enjoy. The audiences feel that the devil is trying to reach out to Faustus not to proceed further. It is rather ironic that a devil should be interested in his welfare. Mephistophilis continues in trying to stir Faustus guilt many times more during the play, but it becomes harder and harder for Faustus to revert back to his old ways because of the degradation of his moral values. When the Faustian Bargain was being signed by Faustus, his blood congeals. Following this is his soliloquy where he sounds his doubts for the audience to hear. This makes him think what might the staying of my blood portend? An inscription,Homo fuge meaning man, fly appears on his arm. This can be taken as a warning for him not to proceed further. The following scene sounds his agony at what he has done. There is another battle of conscience here and Faustus comes so close to repenting that he cries out: Ah, Christ, my Saviour, Seek to save distressed Faustus soul. The effect of these words is so much that Lucifer, the Prince of the East and Bezlebub themselves come from hell to pacify him from succumbing to repentance. They accomplish this by flattery, the power of persuasion. This is perhaps another one of the things Faustus has in common with Caesar, he is easily persuaded. Julius Caesar, by Shakespeare is a tragic play which deals with the murder of the protagonist Caesar in the Roman Era. Caesar, like Faustus is very ambitious. Caesar is a brilliant warrior but is unable to express the love for his people because of his higher position; he is more involved in matters of the State. So he isnt as devoted to the public as Brutus or the others. This along with his physical weakness is one of his short comings. The opening scene starts with Caesars victory over Pompeys blood. People are seen celebrating out in the streets and through the conversation between the tribunes: Flavius and Murellus, the audience can infer from this scene that a section of Roman society is resentful towards Caesar. Caesars position is such that he expects explicit obedience from everyone, nobody disobeys him; it denotes his power. This includes the Senate who fears Caesar could become more powerful and could take over the rule of Rome as King, thereby putting their positions in jeopardy. In Democracy, they had a free hand; they fear dictatorship or a one-man rule would result if Caesar isnt stopped. These growing feathers plucked from Caesars wing Will make him fly an ordinary pitch, Who else would soar above the view of men And keep us all in servile fearfulness, these lines depict the feelings of the tribunes towards Caesar. This is the reason for the decision of the senate for murdering Caesar, largely for personal gain. The following scene illustrates the Soothsayers meeting with him. The Soothsayer asks Caesar to beware the Ides of March. These are very strong words, and coming from a person who knows the future, this has a very strong impact on the audience. By now the audiences have inkling that there is growing discontent towards Caesars rule and so something will be done soon. The soothsayers premonition serves to intensify the dread and adds anticipation to the play. The Ides of March refers to the middle day in the month of March, the 15th. This is the first omen in the play which predicts the doom which would befall Caesar. Caesars reaction is rather casual and dismissive. The 3rd scene of Act 1 starts with thunder and lightening. It is observed that any of Shakespeares work where a scene starts with thunder and lightening depicts some sort of forthcoming disaster. This scene features the meeting between Casca and Cicero; Casca cites a few unnatural events such as the servant not getting burnt by the fire, the lion walking past him and leaving him unscathed, women claiming that men on fire walked around in the city, and the unusual occurrence of the bird of night in the market place who hooted and screeched even when it was noon time. The audience defers these incidences to Cascas hallucinations due to fear but they can also be taken as signs that the wrath of the Gods is upon them, as it is after their decided course of action that all the Senators (except Brutus who acts due to honorable reasons) meet with a grim fate, they are beheaded. As the audience get deeper and deeper into the plot, many more signs come to light; the audience can feel that the hand of fate is drawing to a close that what is about to happen. In most of the cases when the omens appear the characters undeniably ignore them and this proves their own strength and valor at facing it because they do not trudge along a path when it is shown to them but use their own free will to decide their own course of action. They let destiny take its own route and act according to what they feel and perceive. The other omens are dead men walking, sacrificed animals that lack hearts and Calpurnias dream of Caesars statue running with blood and people washing their hands in his blood with smiles on their faces; the lattermost omen is depicted in Act 2, Scene 2. This reflects the actions and perceptions of the other members of the Senate. Caesar comes to believe that Calpurnia has clearly misinterpreted her dream. He believes he is willfully acting for the right cause by attending the meeting that day when this is what leads to his fated death.